Part of a series, which is designed as a practical aid in planning and conducting clinical research, particularly as it applies in orthopedic surgery, this book covers the basic principles of evidence-based medicine and surgery, and these principles are applied to the design of research studies.

Part I Why We Need Clinical Research 1 Historical Perspective of Clinical Research 2 Evidence-Based Surgery Defined 3 Myths and Misconceptions about Evidence-Based Medicine 4 Becoming and Evidence-Based Surgeon Part II Principles of Clinical Research 5 Various Research Design Classifications 6 Hierarchy of Research Studies: From Case Series to Meta-Analyses 7 Randomized and Nonrandomized Studies Part IIA Understanding Research Study Design 8 The Clinical Case Series 9 The Case&ndsah;Control Study 10 The Prospective Cohort Study 11 The Randomized Trial 12 Meta-Analyses 13 Economic Analysis 14 The Diagnostic Study 15 The Reliability Study Part IIB Understanding Outcomes Measurement 16 The Classification of Outcomes 17 What Makes an Outcome Measure Useful 18 Common Generic Outcome Scales for Surgeons 19 Common Disease-Specific Outcome Scales for Surgeons Part IIC Understanding Treatment Effects 20 Common Ways to Present Treatment Effects 21 The Confidence Interval Defined 22 The P Value Defined 23 Errors in Hypothesis Testing 24 Clinical versus Statistical Significance Part III Practice of Clinical Research Part IIIA Planning a Research Study 25 The Requirements of a Clinical Research Proposal 26 The Identification of a Good Research Question 27 How to Conduct a Comprehensive Literature Search 28 Guide to Planning a Randomized Trial 29 Guide to Planning a Nonrandomized Study 30 Study Sample Size 31 How to Budget for a Research Study 32 Research Ethics, Review Boards, and Consent Forms 33 Regulatory Issues in the Evaluation of a New Device or Drug 34 Strategies in Research Funding Part IIIB Conducting a Research Study 35 The Roles of the Research Team 36 The Role of a Central Methods Center 37 The Role of a Data Monitoring Committee 38 The Need for Separate Adjudication of Outcomes 39 Data Management 40 Study Case Report Forms 41 The Study Manual of Operations Part IIIC Practical Guide to Statistical Analysis 42 Review of Basic Statistical Principles 43 Statistical Means and Proportions 44 Regression Analysis 45 Analysis of Variance 46 Correlation Defined