Court decisions have immediate consequences for the involved parties, but they often also have wider societal implications. In this Handbook, a renowned and international group of researchers draw on history, economics, law, and psychology to analyse how and why judges make the choices they do and what effect those choices have on society.

1 - Fundamentals 1: Lee Epstein, Gunnar Grendstad, Ur%ska %Sadl, and Keren Weinshall: Introduction to the Study of Comparative Judicial Behaviour 2: Nuno Garoupa: Legal Traditions and Their Relation to Judicial Behavior 3: Tom Ginsburg and Mila Versteeg: Models of Constitutional Review 4: Ran Hirschl: The Global Expansion of Judicial Power 5: Daniel Naurin and Erik Voeten: Transcending the Domestic-International Divide 2 -Approaches to Judging 6: Alexander Morell: Legalism and Professional Norms 7: Rorie Spill and Eric Waltenburg: Attitudinal Judging: Partisanship and Ideology 8: Santiago Basabe-Serrano, Lee Epstein, and Keren Weinshall: Backgrounds, Attributes, and Identities 9: Shai Dothan: Strategic Analysis 10: Lee Epstein and Jack Knight: How Personal Motivations Affect Judges' Decisions 11: Eileen Braman: Research on Cognitive Shortcomings in Comparative Judicial Behavior 3 - Data, Methods, and Technologies 12: Benjamin Engst and Thomas Gschwend: Observational Databases 13: Christoph Engel: Experiments 14: Wolfgang Alschner: Network Analysis for the Comparative Study of Judicial Behavior 15: Michael A. Livermore and Bao Kham Chau: Studying Judicial Behavior with Text Analysis 16: Lee Epstein, Andrew D. Martin, and Kevin Quinn: Measuring Political Preferences 4 - Staffing the Courts 17: Lydia Brashear Tiede: Selecting Judges 18: Michael Nelson and Michael Burnham: Judicial Elections and Judicial Behavior 19: Aníbal Pérez-Liñán and Andrea Castagnola: Judicial Tenure and Retirements 20: Anne Sanders: Law Clerks 5 - Advocacy, Litigation, and Appellate Review 21: Yun-chien Chang and Ching-Fang Hsu: Lawyering in the Private Sector 22: Tommaso Pavone: Agendas, Decisions, and Autonomy: How Government Lawyers Shape Judicial Behavior 23: Ivar A. Hartmann and Diego Werneck Arguelhes: Agenda Setting 24: Jay Krehbiel: The Form and Function of Oral Arguments in High Courts 6 - Opinions 25: Katalin Kelemen: Dissents and Other Separate Opinions 26: Jens Frankenreiter: Studying Judicial Citations and Citation Data 27: Elliot Ash: Language Choices 7 - Relations Within, Between, and Among Courts 28: Henrik Litleré Bentsen and Jon Kåre Skiple: Leadership in Courts 29: Cynthia L. Ostberg and Matthew E. Wetstein: Panel Effects on Courts Around the World 30: Benjamin Bricker, Matthew J. Gabel, and Clifford J. Carrubba: Referrals 31: Björn Dressel: Judge Networks 32: Ori Aronson: Hierarchies of Justice 8 - Judicial Independence 33: Alex Schwartz: Threats to Judicial Independence 34: Brad Epperly: Developing Judicial Independence 35: Frans van Dijk: Conceptualizing and Measuring Judicial Independence 9 - Courts and Society 36: Russell Smyth: Public Opinion and Legitimacy 37: Elin Skaar: Courts and Transitional Justice 38: Courtney Hillbrecht: Compliance with Judicial Decisions 39: Gerald Rosenberg: Courts as Agents of Change 10 - On the Frontiers of Comparative Judicial Behavior 40: Kevin L. Cope: The Conceptual Challenge to Measuring Ideology 41: Jeff Staton: Research Communities and the Collective Investment in Data Infrastructure 42: Anthony Niblett: Artificial Intelligence and Judging

Lee Epstein is University Professor of Law & Political Science and the Hilliard Distinguished Professor of Law at University of Southern California, and a Distinguished Visiting Professor at Hebrew University and at Washington University in St. Louis. Gunnar Grendstad is Professor of Political Science at Department of Comparative Politics at the University of Bergen and principal investigator of Doranoh, a relational database of judicial behaviour on the Norwegian Supreme Court. Ur%ska %Sadl is part-time Professor of Law at the European University Institute. She is principal investigator of Judging Under the Influence: A Critical Assessment of the Role of Legal Actors on the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice. Keren Weinshall is Professor of Law and the Edward S. Silver Chair in Civil Procedure at Hebrew University. Weinshall served as Founding Director of the Israeli Courts Research Division and represented Israel at the European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice in the Council of Europe.

Extensive and succinct overview of the field of judicial behaviour Explores ten distinct aspects of judicial behaviour, including data, methods, and technologies; staffing; advocacy, litigation, and appellate review; relations within, between, and among courts; judicial independence; court and society; and future frontiers Extensive reference sections provide guidance for researchersDLwhether new to the field or veterans Features interdisciplinary analysis from experts in the field, along with helpful visual aids