This book is the first comprehensive analysis of the thought of Ignacio Ellacuria, the Jesuit philosopher-theologian martyred for his work on behalf of Latin America's oppressed people. While serving as president of the Jesuit-run University of Central America in the midst of El Salvador's brutal civil war, Ellacuria was also a prolific writer. His advocacy on behalf of the country's persecuted majority provoked the enmity of the Salvadoran political establishment. On November 16, 1989, members of the Salvadoran military entered the university's campus and murdered Ellacuria, along with five other Jesuit priests and two women. Kevin F. Burke, SJ, shows why Ellacuria is significant not only as a martyr but also as a theologian. Ellacuria effectively integrated philosophy, history, anthropology, and sociopolitical analysis into his theological reflections on salvation, spirituality, and the church to create an original contribution to liberation theology. Ellacuria's writings directly address one of the most vexing issues in theology today: Can theologians account for the demands arising from both the particularity of their various social-historical situations and also the universal claims of Christian revelation? Burke explains how Ellacuria bases theology in a philosophy of historical reality - the "ground beneath the cross" - and interprets the suffering of "the crucified people" in the light of Jesus' crucifixion. Ellacuria thus inserts the theological realities of salvation and transcendence squarely within the course of human events, and he connects these to the Christian mandate to "take the crucified people down from their crosses". Placing Ellacuria's thought in the context of historical trends within the Roman Catholic Church, particularly Vatican II and the rise of liberation theology in Latin America, Burke argues that Ellacuria makes a distinctive contribution to contemporary Catholic theology.