Acknowledgements Explanatory Notes Abbreviations and Acronyms Introduction 1 Background to the Trade Union Debate, March 1919–Autumn 1920: The Workers’ Opposition in Formation  1  Economic section of RCP(b) programme, point 5, adopted at the Eighth Congress of the RCP(b), March 1919  2  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘Specialists’  3  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘Wages and Labour Productivity’  4  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘Production and Productivity’  5  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘Industrial Productivity’  6  A.G. Shliapnikov’s report to a meeting of the All-Russian Metalworkers’ Union (VSRM) central committee, the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions (VTsSPS), and other union personnel, Autumn 1919  7  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘Tasks of the Russian Proletariat’s Economic Organisations’  8  A.M. Kollontai’s diary notes, January–February 1920  9  Speeches by Iu.Kh. Lutovinov and A.S. Kiselev at the Ninth Congress of the RCP(b), March–April 1920  10  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘Relations between the Russian Communist Party, the Soviets, and Production Unions’  11  Speeches by Iu.Kh. Lutovinov, S.P. Medvedev, I.I. Kutuzov, and A.M. Kollontai at the Ninth Conference of the RCP(b), September 1920  12  Iu.Kh. Lutovinov’s proposals to the Ninth Conference of the RCP(b), September 1920  13  N. Kopylov, ‘That Which Needs to be Destroyed: “Higher-ups” and “Rank-and-File” ’  14  A.M. Kollontai’s diary notes, circa October 1920  15  Theses presented to some party cells and to the central committee of the All-Russian Metalworkers’ Union in the autumn of 1920  16  Iu.Kh. Lutovinov, Letter to Ukrainian Comrades, 23 October 1920  17  Remarks by I.N. Perepechko, Antonov, and G.E. Zinoviev at the Fifth Conference of the Communist Party (Bolshevik) of Ukraine (CP(b)U), 17–22 November 1920, Kharkov  18  Letter from G.E. Zinoviev to I.N. Perepechko, 26 November 1920, with excerpts from Perepechko’s letter to Zinoviev  19  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘Tasks of Workers’ Unions’  20  Circular of the All-Russian Union of Metalworkers Communist Faction Bureau about organising party cells in the provinces, Moscow, 16 December 1920 2 The Trade Union Discussion, December 1920–March 1921: The Workers’ Opposition as a Fully-Formed Legal Faction  1  A.G. Shliapnikov’s speech at the Eighth Congress of Soviets, Moscow, 30 December 1920  2  Theses of the Workers’ Opposition: Tasks of Trade Unions  3  Iu.Kh. Lutovinov, Report to the All-Russian Trade Union Council (VTsSPS) on the work of the November–December 1920 trade union commission  4  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘Economic Organisation and Unions’ Tasks: For Discussion’  5  A.M. Kollontai, ‘Time to Analyse’  6  A.M. Kollontai’s corrections to the Theses on Party Building  7  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘Our Intraparty Disagreements’  8  A.G. Shliapnikov’s speeches to the Communist Faction of the Second All-Russian Congress of Mineworkers  9  N. Kopylov, ‘Mistake or Urgent Task?’  10  N.M. Tikhonravov, Supplement to the Theses of the Workers’ Opposition about the Tasks of Trade Unions  11  Polosatov’s and Kuznetsov’s speeches at the Fourth CP(b)U Conference of Donetsk gubernia, 16–18 February 1921  12  Documents from Samara about the debates over party building, culture, and the tasks of trade unions, February 1921  13  Iu.K. Milonov, ‘Theses: the Content of our Cultural Work’, Eighth Samara Gubernia RCP(b) Conference  14  Iu.K. Milonov, ‘Trade Unions and their Role in the Economic life of the Country: Theses of a Report to the Eighth Samara Gubernia Conference of the RCP(b)’  15  Speeches, Resolutions, Materials, and Declarations Relating to the Workers’ Opposition at the Tenth Party Congress, March 1921  16  Iu.K. Milonov, ‘Assembly of Former Underground Party Members during the Tenth Party Congress’ 3 From the Ban on Factions through the Eleventh Party Congress, 1921–2: Former Worker Oppositionists Respond to the New Economic Policy and to Repression Against Them  1  A.M. Kollontai’s diary entries, March–April 1921  2  Appeals of the Worker-Peasant Socialist Party led by Vasily Paniushkin, early 1921  3  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘To the Fourth Congress of the All-Russian Metalworkers’ Union (VSRM)’  4  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘Our Economic Policy and Practice’  5  Speeches protesting party appointment of Metalworkers’ Union leaders; protocols of the RCP CC’s commission, the bureau of the communist faction, and the communist faction of the congress; and other materials relating to the Fourth Congress of the Metalworkers’ Union in May 1921  6  A.M. Kollontai’s speech to the Third Comintern Congress, 5 June 1921  7  A.M. Kollontai’s diary entries, July–August 1921  8  Letter from A.G. Shliapnikov to S.P. Medvedev, 28 June 1921  9  Letter from A.G. Shliapnikov and S.P. Medvedev to the Politburo and VTsSPS, July 1921, protesting VSNKh decrees  10  Letter from [A.G. Shliapnikov] to comrade [N.S] Mamchenko, 6 July 1921  11  Letter from F.A. Mitin to S.P. Medvedev, summer 1921  12  Letter from A.G. Shliapnikov to F.A. Mitin  13  Protocol and resolution from a meeting of RCP(b) members who had belonged to the Workers’ Opposition, 8 July 1921  14  Resolution offered by Aleksei Sovetov to the delegates’ assembly of the Bauman district RCP(b) organisation, 29 July 1921  15  Letter received by Ukrainian comrades in 1921 from a former member of the Workers’ Opposition, perhaps Ivan Perepechko  16  Letter from Levit of the Kommunistische Arbeiter-Partei Deutschlands (KAPD) to A.G. Shliapnikov, 30 August 1921, and Shliapnikov’s signed response, 31 August 1921  17  Excerpts from speeches at the All-Russian Union of Metalworkers central committee plenum, 17–21 October 1921  18  Iu.Kh. Lutovinov’s speech to the Eleventh Party Conference, 19–22 December 1921, and related party documents  19  Undated minutes from a meeting of the Workers’ Opposition or the 22  20  A.G. Shliapnikov’s letter to the Politburo about the Genoa conference, February 1922  21  Protocol of a 10 February 1922 meeting of a group of 25 delegates to the Fifth All-Russian Congress of Metalworkers and other minutes from meetings of those who would sign the Letter of the 22  22  Letter of the 22 to the Comintern, signed by Shliapnikov, Kollontai, et al.  23  Comparison of those signing the Letter of the 22 and the theses of the Workers’ Opposition  24  Selected Speeches at the Meeting of the RCP(b) Faction of the Fifth Congress of the Metalworkers’ Union, 2–7 March 1922  25  Letter from Z.L. Shadurskaia to the Politburo, 8 March 1922  26  Letter from S.P. Medvedev to the Orgburo, 9 March 1922  27  A.G. Shliapnikov’s correspondence regarding the 22, March 1922  28  Party Central Control Commission (CCC) questioning of the 22, 17 March 1922  29  Letter from V.L. Paniushkin in support of Shliapnikov and Medvedev, on the eve of the Eleventh Party Congress  30  N. Kopylov, ‘For a United Party’  31  Eleventh Congress of the RCP(b), March–April 1922, Published Speeches at Open Sessions, Unpublished Speeches at 2 April 1922 Closed Session, Published Resolution and other Materials Relating to the Former Workers’ Opposition  32  A.M. Kollontai’s diary entries on the appeal of the 22 and on the Eleventh Party Congress  33  Letter from A.M. Kollontai to the Comintern Executive Committee, copying the Politburo  34  Letter from A.M. Kollontai to the editorial board of the ‘Communist Worker Newspaper’ of Germany, requesting that it cease publication of her brochure, Rabochaia Oppozitsiia, 22 September 1921  35  Iu.K. Milonov, ‘On the Way to a Worker Encyclopedia: Instead of a Preface’ 4 Former Worker Oppositionists in the Debates of the NEP Era and During the First Five-Year Plan, 1922–30  1  Letter from S.P. Medvedev in Berlin to A.G. Shliapnikov in Moscow, 26 September 1922  2  Iu.Kh. Lutovinov’s speech at the Twelfth RCP(b) Congress, 17–25 April 1923  3  S.P. Medvedev’s notes from 6 December 1923, possibly from a private talk given in Moscow by an unidentified German communist  4  N.A. Kubiak’s speech to the Thirteenth Party Conference, 17 January 1924  5  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘Our Differences’, Pravda, 18 January 1924  6  Resolution proposed by A.G. Shliapnikov and others from the former Workers’ Opposition, [January] 1924  7  A.G. Shliapnikov’s speeches at the Second Khamovniki District Party Conference, Moscow, 7–10 January 1924  8  S.P. Medvedev, ‘Letter to a Baku Comrade’, 1924  9  Letter from S.P. Medvedev in Moscow to A.G. Shliapnikov in France, written 27 December 1924, and A.G. Shliapnikov’s answering letter, dated 7 January 1925, written in Paris  10  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘Features of the Current Moment: About Results of the Fourteenth Party Conference’, with S.P. Medvedev’s suggested changes, May 1925  11  A.M. Kollontai’s diary notes, February 1926 and November [1927]  12  Letter from I.I. Nikolaenko, Kiev [to A.G. Shliapnikov and S.P. Medvedev], circa 1926  13  Letter from A.G. Shliapnikov, Moscow, to [I.I. Nikolaenko], 12 May 1926  14  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘About a Demonstrative Attack and the Rightist Danger in the Party’  15  Letter from A.G. Shliapnikov and S.P. Medvedev to the CCC Presidium and the Politburo of the CC VKP(b), 17 September 1926  16  Letters from A.G. Shliapnikov and S.P. Medvedev to the Politburo, CC and CCC VKP(b), October 1926  17  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘Letter to the Editor’  18  Undated letter from unknown person (perhaps Mariia Trifonova), to Shliapnikov replied in a 19 July 1927 letter  19  Letter from Aleksandr [Shliapnikov] to unknown person, 19 July 1927  20  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘Lessons of Intraparty Struggle’  21  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘For Industrialisation and For Socialism’  22  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘Letter to the Editor’  23  A.G. Shliapnikov’s letter to the Bureau of the Omsk District (Okrug) Party Committee, 4 April 1930  24  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘A Big Mistake by a Small Group in Omsk’, 28 February 1930  25  Letter from A.G. Shliapnikov and S.P. Medvedev to the CCC, 28 April 1930, with a copy to the Politburo Biographical Glossary Bibliography Index

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