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R. Bruce Craig is executive director of the National Coalition for History in Washington, D.C. In the course of his ten-year quest to learn the truth about White, he was plaintiff in a landmark federal court decision that affirmed that grand jury records may be unsealed for historical research. He also played a major role in declassifying the records of the House Un-American Activities Committee."Craig turns the complicated facts of White's life into a terrific story, partly a spy yarn with philosophical overtones a la Graham Greene or Joseph Conrad, partly a convincing evocation of the mentality Craig calls ‘Rooseveltian internationalism.’ . . .The book is a work of prodigious and meticulous scholarship. On the basis of this achievement, Craig deserves to be ranked among the finest historians of the domestic Cold War."—<i> American Historical Review</i><p>"Craig turns the complicated facts of White’s life into a terrific story, partly a spy yarn with philosophical overtones ├á la Graham Greene or Joseph Conrad, partly a convincing evocation of the mentality Craig calls ‘Rooseveltian internationalism.’ . . .The book is a work of prodigious and meticulous scholarship. On the basis of this achievement, Craig deserves to be ranked among the finest historians of the domestic Cold War."—<i> American Historical Review</i></p><p>"Polished . . . extensively documented . . . [Craig] provides a good context of the times and of Soviet conspiratorial techniques."—<i> Library Journal</i></p><p>"A masterful historical investigation that examines the evidence in the White case, lays out an historical analysis that neither condemns White nor exonerates him, and encourages readers to tolerate the ambiguities that emerge in the historical record. Highly recommended."—<i> Choice</i></p> <p>"Craig has issued a thoughtful and carefully-argued verdict on a legendary and controversial case that influenced the course of American history. <i>Treasonable Doubt</i> is a fascinating book, illuminating the shadowy world of the complex Harry Dexter White case as it examines legal, political, and moral issues that still affect us today."— Michael Beschloss, PBS commentator and author of <i>The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman, and the Destruction of Hitler’s Germany, 1941–1945</i></p><p>"Of all the New Deal officials caught up in the famous cold war spy cases, none was more significant, or elusive, than the brilliant economist Harry Dexter White. Craig’s well-told account of White and the controversy surrounding him is by far the most thorough ever written, incorporating a wealth of new evidence long-buried in archives at home and abroad."— Sam Tanenhaus, author of <i>Whittaker Chambers: A Biography</i></p><p>"Craig’s lucid, fair-minded, and painstaking study of White as a dedicated New Deal internationalist who engaged in a ‘species of espionage’ in order to maintain good relations with the Soviet Union rings true. Thanks to his thoughtful analysis, we can at last understand why such a gifted public servant could become a spy."— Ellen Schrecker, author of <i>Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America</i></p><p>"Craig’s provocative and meticulously researched book could provide a model for understanding other spies of the era and is sure to enliven the debate about Cold War espionage."— Kathryn S. Olmsted, author of <i>Red Spy Queen: A Biography of Elizabeth Bentley</i></p><p>"Exhaustively prepared, wholly fair and balanced in its analysis, and wholly right in its conclusions."— Michael Straight, author of <i>Trial by Television: The ArmyÔÇôMcCarthy Hearings</i></p>
The highest ranking figure in the Roosevelt and Truman administrations to be accused of espionage, White played a central role in the founding of the United Nations’ twin financial institutions, the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. For years after his death, White was a target of red-baiting by FBI director J. Edgar Hoover and Eisenhower's attorney general Herbert Brownell. Two Republican-controlled Senate committees even held White accountable for formulating the “pro-Russian” Morgenthau Plan for post-war Germany and for orchestrating the loss of mainland China to the Communists.
Craig draws heavily on previously untapped or underused sources, including White’s personal papers, Treasury Department records, FBI files, and the once secret Venona files of decrypted Soviet espionage cables. Interviews with nearly two dozen key figures in the case, including Alger Hiss and former KGB officer V. G. Pavlov, also help bring White's story to life. Sifting through this mountain of evidence, Craig retraces White's rise to power within the Treasury Department and confirms that White was involved in a “species of espionage”—but also shows that the same evidence contradicts Bentley’s charges of “policy subversion.”
What emerges is an evenhanded portrait of neither a monster nor a martyr but rather a committed New Dealer and internationalist whose hopes for world peace transcended national loyalties—a man who saw some benefit in cooperating with the Soviets but had no affection for dictatorship. Although it still remains unclear whether White leaked classified information vital to national security, Craig clearly shows that none of the most serious allegations against him can be substantiated.
Prologue
Part I. The Making of a New Dealer
1. The Early Years
2. Whittaker Chambers, Harry Dexter White, and the Washington, D.C., Communist Underground
3. The Elizabeth Bentley Story
Part II. Harry Dexter White and the Subversion of American Foreign Policy
4. The Econ-umists
5. The Quarter-Billion-Dollar German Occupation-Currency Scandal
6. Bretton Woods and the Assault on American Internationalism
7. A Different Peace: The Morgenthau Plan for Postwar Germany
8. Harry Dexter White and the “Fall of China”
9. Great Expectations Dashed
Part III. The Search for Corroboration: Five Decades and Beyond
10. Herbert Brownell, J. Edgar Hoover, Harry S. Truman, and the Harry Dexter White Controversy
11. The Half-Search: A Matter of Espionage
12. Treasonable Doubt: The Harry Dexter White Case in Retrospect
Notes
Selected Bibliography
Index