An investigation of the place of imperialist rhetoric in the history of twentieth century empires. Issues examined include discourses of imperialist modernization, the language of colonial ‘civilizing’, and the rhetorical justifications advanced for violent colonial practices.

Introduction: rhetorics of empire – Martin Thomas and Richard Toye1 ‘The people are grateful’: the discourse of modernization in the concentration camps of the South African War, 1899–1902 – Elizabeth van Heyningen2 ‘We don’t want a pirate empire’: imperial governance, the Transvaal crisis, and the anxieties of Liberal rhetoric on empire – Simon Mackley3 Civilization, empire and humanity: Theodore Roosevelt's second corollary to the Monroe Doctrine – Charlie Laderman4 Franklin D. Roosevelt and America’s empire of anti-imperialism – Andrew Preston 5 ‘The real question at issue’: Mers el-Kébir and the rhetoric of imperial confrontation in July 1940 – Rachel Chin6 French late colonial rhetoric, “myth” and imperial reason – Martin Shipway7 ‘Boom! goes the Congo’: the rhetoric of control and Belgium’s late colonial state – Matthew Stanard8 The hard side of soft power: Spanish rhetorics of empire from the 1950s to the 1970s – Andreas Stucki9 Repression, reprisals, and rhetorics of massacre in Algeria’s war – Martin Thomas10 Arguing about Hola Camp: the rhetorical consequences of a colonial massacre – Richard Toye11 Extended families or bodily decomposition? Biological metaphors in the age of European decolonization - Elizabeth Buettner12 Rhetoric of the realm: monarchy in New Zealand, political rhetoric and adjusting to the end of empire - Harshan KumarasinghamIndex

Stirring language and appeals to collective action were integral to the battles fought to defend empires and to destroy them. This collection explores the rhetoric relating to empire and imperialism in a wide variety of geographic, political, social and cultural contexts.Why did imperialist language remain so pervasive in Britain, France and elsewhere throughout much of the twentieth century? What rhetorical devices did political and military leaders, administrators, investors and lobbyists use to justify colonial domination before domestic and foreign audiences? And how far did their colonial opponents mobilize a different rhetoric of rights and freedoms to challenge imperialist discourse? These questions are at the heart of this collection, which presents original essays from twelve contributors, plus an introductory analysis of the empire rhetoric phenomenon. Chapters investigate the place of imperialist rhetoric in the history of empire throughout the twentieth century. Issues examined include discourses of imperialist modernization, and the language of colonial ‘civilizing’, as well as the rhetorical justifications advanced for violent colonial practices. Essays range from the embittered rhetoric of the South African War and Theodore Roosevelt’s articulation of American imperialism in the early 1900s to the rhetorical battles surrounding European decolonization in the late twentieth century. The volume thus offers insights into the distinctive traits of differing European and American imperial rhetoric and traces their imprint in domestic politics and culture. Addressing anti-imperial campaigns as well as the discourses of imperial assertion used by politicians, administrators, and settlers, the collection highlights the importance of rhetoric as a form of contestation in the politics of empire.