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The late Stewart Halsey Ross was a mechanical engineer and history professor. He spent two years analyzing bomb accuracy tests for the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps. He lived in Norwalk, Connecticut.Reeling from the devastation of World War I, many Americans vowed never again to become involved in European conflicts. This stance was formalized in 1935 when Congress passed the first Neutrality Act, which was not only designed to keep America out of foreign wars but also called for the president to declare an immediate embargo of arms and munitions to all belligerent countries. As war loomed and eventually erupted in 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevelt instituted several policies that aided the Allies, and American neutrality was questionable many months before the attack on Pearl Harbor.
This work examines how Roosevelt navigated prewar neutrality to push the United States toward intervention on the side of the Allies in World War II, and considers critically his wartime policy of unconditional surrender and his unprecedented acceptance of a fourth term. It covers his prewar policies that sidestepped neutrality, including covert submarine warfare, air patrol of the North Atlantic, the Lend Lease Act and coordination between the American and British navies, and critiques his plans for rebuilding postwar Europe. Thirteen appendices parallel prewar planning by Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, and reproduce such key documents as the Atlantic Charter and the Potsdam Declaration.
Acknowledgments
Preface
Introduction
1. FDR’s Undeclared War in the Atlantic
2. FDR’s Personal Fifty-Destroyers-for-Bases Deal
3. Lend-Lease: To the Brink of War
4. Charles A. Lindbergh and the America First Committee
5. FDR’s Expendable “Three Small Vessels”
6. Pearl Harbor: FDR’s Monstrous Conspiracy
7. FDR’s Tomfoolery: Unconditional Surrender
8. FDR Ignores Die Schwarze Kapelle
9. Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau Jr.’s Scorched-Earth Plan
10. Roosevelt: Feeble and Dying
11. Was Adolf Hitler Planning to Attack the United States?
Epilogue
Appendices
A. President Grover Cleveland’s “Toothache,” 1893
B. The Zimmermann Telegram, January 17, 1917
C. Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, January 18, 1918
D. The Portentous Lie of Ambassador Henry Morgenthau, Sr., 1918
E. Conspiracy in President Woodrow Wilson’s White House, 1919-1920
F. Key Excerpts from the Nye “Munitions Hearings” Report, February 24, 1936
G. America First Committee: Principles and Membership, 1940
H. The Atlantic Charter, August 14, 1941
I. Key Excerpts from a Charles A. Lindbergh Speech, September 11, 1941
J. United Nations Declaration, January 1, 1942
K. U.S. Mustard Gas at Bari, Italy, 1943
L. Memorandum by Henry Morgenthau, Jr., on the Scorched-Earth Plan
M. The Potsdam Declaration, July 26, 1945
Notes
Bibliography
Index