From its inception in the nineteenth century, modern democratic politics has included fundamental debates over whether it is undemocratic and dangerous to ban parties with anti-democratic objectives and whether democracies should defend themselves, if necessary with violence, against perceived anti-democratic forces.

Chapter 1: Joost Augusteijn, Constant Hijzen, and Mark Leon de Vries - Introduction: Democracy, the Nation State, and their adversaries.- Section 1: learning to deal with anti-democratic groupings, 1870-1933.- Section 1 Introduction.- Chapter 2: Mark Leon de Vries - “… a Wretched, Down Trodden and Impoverished People.” The Louisiana White League and the Propaganda of Democratic Legitimacy.- Chapter 3: Kristian M. Mennen - Nazis, Violence and the State: Social Democratic Repertoire Discussions in Germany and the Netherlands around 1930.- Chapter 4: Joris Gijsenbergh - Democracy’s Various Defenders: The Struggle Against Political Extremism in the Netherlands, 1917-1940.- Section 2: New Forms of Mobilisation in the age of civil resistance, 1960-1997.- Section 2 Introduction.- Chapter 5: Joost Augusteijn and Jacco Pekelder - Terrorist Constituencies in Terrorist-State Conflicts. The debate on the use of violence among Irish nationalists and West Germany’s Radical Left in the Mid 1970s.- Chapter 6: Constant Hijzen - The seeds of danger. The security service and its ‘enemy image’ of ‘the movement’ in the 1980s.- Chapter 7: Yavuz Yildirim - (In)effectiveness of Social Movements in Turkish Democracy: institutional and non-constitutional cases.- Chapter 8: Miina Kaarkoski - Parliamentary democracy versus direct democracy? Challenging liberal, representative democracy in the German Bundestag during the antinuclear demonstrations of 1995-1997.- Section 3: Dealing with opposition in the post-Cold War period, 1998-2018.- Section 3 Introduction.- Chapter 9: Henrik Vigh - Displaced without Moving. Loyalism and democratic haunting in Northern Ireland.- Chapter 10: Ana Maria Albulescu - Towards an understanding of incomplete secession in the Moldovan-Transnistrian case; between democracy and autocracy.- Chapter 11: Arianna Piacentini - Fragmented Democracy in Dayton’s Bosnia Herzegovina. Institutions, Political Elite and Youth.- Conclusions.- Chapter 12: Joost Augusteijn, Constant Hijzen, and Mark Leon de Vries - Concluding Remarks.-  

This book historicizes the debate over how democratic regimes deal with anti-democratic groupings in society. Democracies across the world increasingly find themselves under threat from enemies, ranging from terrorists to parties and movements that undermine democratic institutions from within. This compilation of essays provides the first historical exploration of how democracies have dealt with such anti-democratic forces in their midst and how this impacted upon what democracy meant to all involved. From its inception in the nineteenth century, modern democratic politics has included fundamental debates over whether it is undemocratic and dangerous to ban parties with anti-democratic objectives and whether democracies should defend themselves, if necessary with violence, against perceived anti-democratic forces. This volume shows that implicit conceptions of democracy and democratic repertoires become explicit, fluid, and contested throughout these confrontations, not only withindemocratic parties, but also among their adversaries. Both sides have, at times, used force or limited the expression of ideas, thus blurring the lines between who is democratic and who is not.  

Explores how democratic regimes have dealt with anti-democratic forces in society, from the late nineteenth to the early twenty-first century Takes a historical rather than a theoretical approach to show how the state and oppositional groups have interacted across a wide range of case studies Argues that these threats to democracy and the actions taken against anti-democratic groups have elicited new definitions of democracy within society

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