Introduction to Volume II Stephen Broadberry and Kyoji Fukao; Part I. Regional Developments: 1. North America: the rise of US technological and economic leadership Paul W. Rhode; 2. Western Europe: convergence and divergence Paul Sharp; 3. The socialist experiment and beyond: the economic development of Eastern Europe from 1870 to the present Tracy Dennison and Alexander Klein; 4. Japan: modern economic growth in Asia Kyoji Fukao and Tokihiko Settsu; 5. Economic change in China: the role of institutions and ideology Debin Ma; 6. From free trade to regulation: the political economy of India's development since 1858 Bishnupriya Gupta; 7. Growth and globalisation phases in South East Asian development since the late nineteenth century Gregg Huff; 8. The Middle East: decline and resurgence in West Asia Mohamed Saleh; 9. Latin America: stalled catching-up Pablo Astorga and Alfonso Herranz-Loncán; 10. African economic development: growth, reversals, and deep transitions Ewout Frankema; 11. Australia: prosperity, relative decline and reorientation Gary B. Magee; Part II. Factors Governing Differential Outcomes in the Global Economy: 12. Healthy, literate, and smart: the global increase in human capital since 1870 Latika Chaudhary and Peter Lindert; 13. Proximate sources of growth: capital and technology since 1870 Rajabrata Banerjee, Robert Inklaar and Herman de Jong; 14. Underlying sources of growth: first and second nature geography Paul Caruana-Galizia, Toshihiro Okubo and Nikolaus Wolf; 15. Underlying sources of growth: institutions and the state James Foreman-Peck and Leslie Hannah; 16. Living standards, inequality and human development Leandro Prados de la Escosura and Myung Soo Cha; 17. Trade and immigration David S. Jacks and John P. Tang; 18. International finance, 1870–2010 Barry Eichengreen and Rui Esteves; 19. Warfare and empire Jari Eloranta and Leigh Gardner.