Counterculture, while commonly used to describe youth-oriented movements during the 1960s, refers to any attempt to challenge or change conventional values and practices or the dominant lifestyles of the day. This title explores these movements in America since colonial times.

A-Z Entries; A; Abbey, Edward (1927-1989); Abolitionism; Abraham Lincoln Brigade; Absinthe; A bstract Expressionism; Acid Rock; Advertising; African Americans; Afrocentrism; Alcoholics Anonymous; Alcott, Amos Bronson (1799-1888); Algonquim Round Table; Ali, Muhammad (1942-); Alice's Restaurant; Alison, Francis (1705-1779); Altamont Free Concert; Amana Society; American Indian Movement; Amish; Amphetamines and Speed Freaks; Anarchism; Anarchist Cookbook, The; Anderson, Laurie (1947-); Anderson, Margaret (1886-1973); Andrews, Stephen Pearl (1812-1886); Animal Magnetism; Anti-Freemasonry; Anti-Globalization Movement; Antinomianism; Anti–Vietnam War Movement; Apocalypse Culture; Apple Computer; Armory Show; Aryan Nations; Ashcan School; Asian Pride; Astrology; Atheism; Aurora Commune; Austin, Texas; B; Baby Boomers; Backus, Isaac (1724-1806); Baez, Joan (1941-); Baker, Chet (1929- 1988 ); Baker, George; Baker, Josephine (1906-1975); Baldwin, James (1924-1987); Baldwin, Roger (1884-1981); Baraka, Amiri (1934-); Barnes, Djuna (1892-1982); Barnum, P.T. (1810-1891); Beach, Sylvia (1887-1962); Beat Generation; Beatles, The; Bebop; Be-Ins; Bellamy, Edward (1850-1898); Ben & Jerry's; Berkeley, California; Berkeley, University of California; Berkman, Alexander (1870-1936); Berlin Heights Commune; Berrigan, Daniel (1921-), and Philip Berrigan (1923-2002); Bethel Commune; Bicycles; Bierce, Ambrose (1842-1914?); Biker Culture; Birth Control Pill; Black Arts Movement; Black Mountain College; Black Muslims; Black Panthers; Black Power Movement; Blavatsky, Helena (1831-1891); Bloggers; Blue Man Group; Blues Music; Body Arts; Bohemianism; Bookstores, Alternative; Boston Marriages; Bowery B'hoys and G'hals; Bowie, David (1947-); Branch Davidians; Brando, Marlon (1924-2004); Brautigan, Richard (1935-1984); Brisbane, Albert (1809-1890); Broadside; Brook Farm; Brown, H. Rap (1943-); Brown Berets; Brownson, Orestes (1803-1876); Bruce, Lenny (1925-1966); Buddhism; Bukowski, Charles (1920-1994); Buntline, Ned (c. 1823-1886); Burning Man Festival; Burns, Otway (1775-1850); Burroughs, William S. (1914-1997); C; Cambridge, Massachusetts; Carlin, George (1937-2008); Carmichael, Stokely (1941-1998); Carroll, Jim (1950-); Carson, Rachel (1907-1964); Cash, Johnny (1932-2003); Castaneda, Carlos (1925-1998); Catcher in the Rye, The; Catholic Worker Movement; Cbgb; Cedar Tavern; Chautauqua Movement; Chávez, César (1927-1993); Cheech and Chong; Chelsea Hotel; Cherry Lane Theatre; Chicago Seven; Chicano Moratorium; Chicano Movement; Chicano Theater; Chick, Jack (1924-); Chomsky, Noam (1928-); Christian Science; Circus and Carnival Culture; City College of New York; City Lights Books; Civil Rights Movement; Claflin, Tennessee (1846-1923); Clapp, Henry (1814-1875); Clare, Ada (1836?-1874); Cocaine; Coffeehouses; Cointelpro; Collins, Judy (1939-); Columbia University; Come-Outers; Comics, Underground; Communes; Communism; Communitarianism; Con Artists; Conceptual Art; Conroy, Jack (1898-1990); Conscientious Objectors, Draft Dodgers, and Deserters; Consciousness Raising; Conspiracy Theories; Cooperatives, Consumer; Cooperatives, Producer; Coyote, Peter (1941-); Crumb, Robert (1943-); Cults; Cummings, E.E. (1894-1962); Cushman, Charlotte (1816-1876); Cyberpunk; D; Daughters of Bilitis; Davis, Andrew Jackson (1826-1910); Davis, Angela (1944-); Davis, Miles (1926-1991); Dean, James (1931-1955); Debs, Eugene V. (1855-1926); Deep Ecology; Deganawidah (ca. 1500-ca. 1600); Delany, Martin R. (1812-1885); Democratic Party; Dial, The; Dick, Philip K. (1928-1982); Disco; Doonesbury; Doors, The; Douglass, Frederick (c. 1818-1895); Draft, Military; Draft Dodgers; Drag; Drifters; Drug Culture; Du Bois, W.E.B. (1868-1963); Dyer, Mary (c. 1611-1660); Dylan, Bob (1941-); E; East Village, New York City; Eastman, Max (1883-1969), and Crystal Eastman (1881-1928); Easy Rider; Eckankar; Ecstasy; Electrical Bananas; Ellison, Harlan (1934-); Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803-1882); Emo and Hardcore; Encounter Groups; Environmentalism; Ephrata Cloister; Erhard Seminars Training (est); Esalen Institute; Eugene, Oregon; Evergreen Review; Existentialism; Exorcism; Expatriates, American; Extrasensory Perception and Parapsychology; F; Fanzines; Farm, The; Farmers' Alliance; Fashion; Father Divine (ca. 1877-1965); Federal Art Project; Federal Theatre Project; Federal Writers' Project; Feminism, First-Wave; Feminism, Second-Wave; Feminism, Third-Wave; Feminism, Social Justice; Ferlinghetti, Lawrence (1919-); Fetish Culture; Film, Cult; Film, Hollywood; Film, Independent; Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1896-1940); Fitzgerald, Zelda (1900-1948); Flappers and Flapper Culture; Flower Children; Folk Music; Foster, Charles H. (1838-1888); Fox, Kate (1838-1892), Leah Fox (1814-1890), and Margaret Fox (1833-1893); Freaks, Freak Shows, and Freakatoriums; Free Love; Free Speech Movement; Free Universities; Freemasonry; Friedan, Betty (1921-2006); Fruitlands; Fugs, The; Fuller, Margaret (1810-1850); Fuller, R. Buckminster (1895-1983); Fundamentalism, Christian; G; Gangs and Gang Culture; Gangsta Rap; Gangsters; Garrison, William Lloyd (1805-1879); Garvey, Marcus (1887-1940); Gay Liberation Movement; Gaye, Marvin (1939-1984); Generation Gap; Generation X; Generation Y; Ghost Dance; Ginsberg, Allen (1926-1997); Glam Rock; Goldman, Emma (1869-1940); Gonzales, Rodolfo Corky (1928-2005); Gonzo Journalism; Gorton, Samuel (ca. 1592-1677); Goth Culture; Graffiti; Graham, Sylvester (1794-1851); Grange, National; Grateful Dead; Gray Panthers; Great Depression; Greeley, Horace (1811-1872); Green Party; Greening of America, The; Greenwich Village, New York City; Gregory, Dick (1932-); Groupies; Grunge Rock; Guerrilla Girls; Guerrilla Theater; Guthrie, Woody (1912-1967); H; Hackers; Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco; Hair; Happenings; Hare Krishna; Harlem Renaissance; Harmonialism; Harmony Society; Harris, Thomas Lake (1823-1906); Hasidim and Hasidism; Hatch, Cora Scott (1840-1923); Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1804-1864); Haywood, William Big Bill (1869-1928); Health Foods; Heaven's Gate; Heavy Meta; Hecker, Isaac (1819-1888); Hefner, Hugh (1926-); Hells Angels; Hemingway, Ernest (1899-1961); Hendrix, Jimi (1942-1970); Heroin; Hester, Carolyn (1937-); Hiawatha; Hip-Hop; Hippies; Hitchhiking; Hoffman, Abbie (1936-1989); Holiday, Billie (1915-1959); Hooks, bell (1952-); Hopper, Dennis (1936-); Hot-Rodding; Houdini, Harry (1874-1926); Hughes, Langston (1902-1967); Hurston, Zora Neale (ca. 1891-1960); Hutchinson, Anne (1591-1643); Huxley, Aldous (1894-1963); I; Icarians; Indie Rock; Industrial Workers of the World; Ingersoll, Robert (1833-1899); Internet; J; James, C.L.R. (1901-1989); Jazz; Jefferson Airplane; Jehovah's Witnesses; Jemison, Mary (1743-1833); Jesus People; Jews; Jews for Jesus; John Birch Society; John Reed Clubs; Joplin, Janis (1943-1970); K; Kerouac, Jack (1922-1969); Kesey, Ken (1935-2001); King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929-1968); Kitchen, The; Knights of the Golden Circle; Ku Klux Klan; Kunstler, William (1919-1995); L; Latino and Latina Culture; Le Sueur, Meridel (1900-1996); Leary, Timothy (1920-1996); Lee, Ann (1736-1784); Lennon, John (1940-1980); Lesbian Culture; Liberator, The; Lippmann, Walter (1889-1974); Living Theatre; London, Jack (1876-1916); Los Angeles; Lost Generation; Lovecraft, H.P. (1890-1937); Love-Ins; Lowriders; Lsd; Ludlow, Fitz Hugh (1836-1870); Luhan, Mabel Dodge (1879-1962); Lumpkin, Grace (ca. 1891-1980); Lyceum Movement; M; Macfadden, Bernarr (1868-1955); Mad; Madison, Wisconsin; Mafia; Magazines, Little; Magic and Magicians; Malcolm X (1925- 1965 ); Manson Family; Mapplethorpe, Robert (1946-1989); Marcuse, Herbert (1898-1979); Marijuana; Masses, The; Mattachine Society; Max, Peter (1937-); Mc5; McCarthy, Eugene (1916-2005); McCarthyism; McKenna, Terence (1946-2000); McLuhan, Marshall (1911-1980); McPherson, Aimee Semple (1890-1944); Me Decade; Media, Alternative; Medicine, Alternative; Medieval Reenactment; Menken, Adah Isaacs (1835-1868); Mennonites; Men's Movements; Merry Pranksters; Mesmerism; Millay, Edna St. Vincent (1892-1950); Miller, Henry (1891-1980); Miller, William (1782-1849); Mills, C. Wright (1916-1962); Mod; Mod Squad, The; Modern Times; Mole People; Moonies; Moore, Michael (1954-); Moravians; Mormonism; Morrison, Jim (1943-1971); Morrison, Toni (1931-); Morton, Thomas (c. 1576-1647); Mother Jones; Motherfuckers, The; Movimiento Estudiantíl Chicano de Aztlán; Ms.; Mtv; Muscle Beach; N; Nader, Ralph (1934-); Naropa University; Nation, The; National Lampoon; Native American Church; Native Americans; Neolin (ca. 1720-ca. 1766); New Age; New Harmony, Indiana; New Left; New Religious Movements; New School, The; New Thought; New York Realists; Newport Folk Festival; Newton, Huey (1942-1989); Noyes, John Humphrey (1811-1886); Nudism and Nudist Colonies; Nuyorican Poets Café; N.w.a.; O; Oberlin College; O' Brien, Fitz-James (1828-1862); Ochs, Phil (1940-1976); O' Hair, Madalyn Murray; O' Keeffe, Georgia (1887-1986); Omphalism; Oneida Community; O' Neill, Eugene (1888-1953); Onion, The; Organic Farming; Organized Crime; Outsider Art; Outsider Music; Owen, Robert Dale (1801-1877); P; Pacifica Radio; Pacifism; Palahniuk, Chuck (1962-); Palmer, Phoebe (1807-1874); Patchen, Kenneth (1911-1972); Peace and Freedom Party; Pentecostalism; People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals; Peoples Temple; Perfectionist Movement; Performance Art; Performance Space 122; Peter, Paul and Mary; Peyote; Pfaff's Cellar; Phish; Physical Culture Movement; Pilgrims; Pill, The; Piñero, Miguel (1946-1988); Pirate Radio; Pirsig, Robert M. (1928-); Poe, Edgar Allan (1809-1849); Polar Bear Clubs; Pop, Iggy (1947-); Pop Art; Populism; Pornography; Poster Art; Pound, Ezra (1885-1972); Presley, Elvis (1935-1977); Presses, Small Book; Priestley, Joseph (1733-1804); Prohibition; Provincetown Players; Pryor, Richard (1940-2005); Pseudoscience; Psychedelia; Psychobilly; Public Enemy; Pulp Fiction; Punk Rock; Puritans; Purple, Adam (ca. 1932-); Pynchon, Thomas (1937-); Q; Quakers; Queer Nation; R; Radio; Ramones, The; Rand, Ayn (1905-1982); Randolph, A. Philip (1889-1979); Rankin, Jeannette (1880-1973); Rapp, George; Rap Music; Rastafari Movement; Rave Culture; Ray, Man (1890-1976); Realist, The; Recycling; Reed, John (1887-1920); Reed, Lou (1942-); Regulators; Reich, Wilhelm (1897-1957); R.e.m.; Rexroth, Kenneth (1905-1982); Rice, Thomas Dartmouth (1808-1860); Riot Grrrl; Ripley, George (1802-1880); Rivers, Larry (1923-2002); Robbins, Tom (1936-); Robeson, Paul (1898-1976); Rock and Roll; Rocky Horror Picture Show, The; Role-Playing Games; Rolling Stone; Rolling Stones, The; Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In; Rubin, Jerry (1938-1994); S; Sacco and Vanzetti Case; Salem Witch Trials; Salinger, J.D. (1919-); San Francisco; Sanger, Margaret (1879-1966); Santería; Saxton, Alexander P. (1919-); Schools, Alternative and Experimental; Science Fiction; Scientology; Seattle; Seeger, Pete (1919-); Settlement Houses; Seven Arts, The; Sex Trade and Prostitution; Sexual Revolution; Shakers; Shakur, Tupac (1971-1996); Simpsons, The; Sinclair, Upton (1878-1968); Ska; Skateboarders; Skinheads; Slang; Slave Culture; Sloan, John (1871-1951); Slow Movement; Smith, Joseph (1805-1844); Smith, Patti (1946-); Smoking, Tobacco; Smothers Brothers; Snoop Dogg (1971-); Snyder, Gary (1930-); Social Gospel; Socialism; South Park; Spiritualism; Spock, Benjamin (1903-1998); Sports; Squatters and Squatting; Stein, Gertrude (1874-1946); Steinem, Gloria; Straight Edge Culture; Streaking; Students for a Democratic Society; Studio 54; Suffragists; Surfing and Surfer Culture; Surrealists; Survivalists; Swedenborgianism; T; Talking Heads; Taos, New Mexico; Television; Temperance Movement; Theater, Alternative; Theosophy; Thompson, Hunter S.; Thoreau, Henry David (1817-1862); Tramps and Hoboes; Transcendenta Meditation; Transcendentalism; Transsexuals; Transvestites; Trekkies; Turner, Nat (1800-1831); Twain, Mark (1835-1910); U; UFOs; Unabomber; Underground Railroad; Unification Church; Unitarianism; United Farm Workers; Universal Negro Improvement Association; Up Against the Wall Motherfucker; Utopianism; V; Vegetarianism; Velvet Underground; Venice, California; Vietnam War Protests; Village Voice, The; Volkswagen Beetle; Vonnegut, Kurt, Jr. (1922-2007); Voodoo, Hoodoo, and Conjure; Vorse, Mary Heaton (1874-1966); W; Walden; Ward, Nancy (c. 1738-1822); Warhol, Andy (1928-1987); Waters, John (1946-); Watson, Thomas E. (1856-1922); Watts, Alan (1915-1973); Wavy Gravy (1936-); Weatherman; White Supremacists; Whitman, Walt (1819-1892); Whole Earth Catalog; Wilkinson, Jemima (1752-1819); Williams, Roger (c. 1603-1683); Witchcraft and Wicca; Wobblies; Woodhull, Victoria (1838-1927); Woodstock Music and Art Fair; Woolman, John (1720-1772); Wright, Frances (1795-1852); Wright, Richard (1908-1960); X; X-Files, The; Y; Yippies; Yoga; Young, Brigham (1801-1877); Z; Zappa, Frank (1940-1993); Zines; Zoarites; Zoot-Suiters; Documents; Documents