Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Responses to Hitler’s Rise America Hopes for a Restrained Hitler Document 1.1 “Just in Case He Goosesteps Too Much!” Dorothy Thompson Reports from Germany Document 1.2 “Starve, Humiliate, Degrade the Jew; In Every Walk, Trade Profession, Nazi Pressure in Law and Slogan” The New York Times Interviews Hitler Document 1.3 “Hitler Seeks Jobs for All Germans” Boycotting German Goods Document 1.4 “No Trading with Germany” Hitler on Trial at Madison Square Garden Document 1.5 Hitler on Trial—Resolution and Verdict Further Reading 2. The American Mood Antisemitism in Congress Document 2.1 Congressman John Rankin’s Remarks before the House “Racial Science” Spreads Document 2.2 The Passing of the Great Race Father Coughlin and Hate Radio Document 2.3 Father Coughlin’s Radio Address Concerning Kristallnacht Antisemitic Attitudes among the Public Document 2.4 Polls by Roper (1938) and Opinion Research (1940) on Antisemitic Attitudes Antisemitism in the State Department Document 2.5 Antisemitic Remarks by State Department Officials Further Reading 3. Doing Business with Hitler U.S. Participation in the Nazi Olympics Document 3.1 “To the Sport-Loving Public of the United States” Apologizing to Hitler Document 3.2 Secretary of State Apologizes to Hitler A Cabinet Member Participates in a Pro-Nazi Rally Document 3.3 “‘Heil Hitler’ Resounds as Steuben Society Denounces Boycott, Acclaims New Germany” Censoring Criticism of Hitler Document 3.4 FDR Objects to Secretary of the Interior’s Criticism of Hitler FDR Urges “Quarantining” of Aggressor Nations Document 3.5 “FDR’s Quarantine Speech” Further Reading 4. The Universities and the Nazis Nazi Ambassador Speaks at Columbia Document 4.1 “Luther Calls Hitler Critics ‘Old-Timers’” Nazi Official Visits Harvard Document 4.2 “Render unto Caesar” A Nazi University Celebrates Document 4.3 “Heidelberg” American Students in Nazi Germany Document 4.4 “Germany Discussed by One Who Spent Junior Year There” Abandoning Refugee Scholars Document 4.5 Hamilton College President’s Letter Regarding Hiring Refugee Scholars Further Reading 5. U.S. Immigration Policy Immigration Statistics Document 5.1 “Annual Quotas and Quota Immigrants Admitted, Fiscal Years Ended June 30, 1925 to 1944, by Countries” When Anne Frank Tried to Come to America Document 5.2 Anne Frank’s Father Asks American Industrialist to Help the Frank Family Immigrate “Postpone and Postpone and Postpone” Document 5.3 The Assistant Secretary of State on Ways to Obstruct Immigration The “Close Relatives” Rule Document 5.4 U.S. Immigration Regulation Regarding Applicants Leaving “Close Relatives” Behind Albert Einstein’s Plea to the First Lady Document 5.5 Albert Einstein Asks the First Lady to Oppose New Immigration Restrictions Further Reading 6. Searching for a Haven James McDonald Resigns in Protest Document 6.1 Resignation of the High Commissioner for Refugees Coming from Germany Eyewitness to Horror Document 6.2 “Jews Humiliated by Vienna Crowds” The Evian Conference Document 6.3 Refugee Problem Announcement in Preparation for the Evian Conference Suicide of a Jewish Refugee Document 6.4 “Ends Life to Escape Return to Germany” FDR Responds to Kristallnacht Document 6.5 President Roosevelt’s Statement Concerning the Kristallnacht Pogrom Further Reading 7. The Doomed Journey of the St. Louis Offer of Haven in the Virgin Islands Document 7.1 “Virgin Islands Too Offer Haven for Oppressed Jews” A Child Appeals to the First Lady Document 7.2 Eleven-Year-Old Beseeches the First Lady to Accept the Refugees St. Louis Passengers Appeal to the White House Document 7.3 St. Louis Captain’s Log Record of Passengers’ Telegram to the White House Secretaries of State and Treasury Discuss the St. Louis Document 7.4 Secretary of State and Secretary of the Treasury Confer on the St. Louis “The Saddest Ship Afloat” Document 7.5 “Refugee Ship” Further Reading 8. The Wagner-Rogers Bill to Save Children The Wagner-Rogers Bill Document 8.1 Text of the Wagner-Rogers Bill (H.R.J. Res. 165 and 168) “20,000 Ugly Adults” Document 8.2 Remark by FDR’s Cousin against Wagner-Rogers President Roosevelt’s Position Document 8.3 FDR’s “File No Action” Note on Wagner-Rogers Helen Hayes Testifies for Admitting Children Document 8.4 “First Lady of the American Theater” Testifies for Admitting German Refugee Children Agnes Waters Testifies against Admitting Children Document 8.5 “Mother Witness” Testifies against Admitting German Refugee Children Further Reading 9. American Rescuers The State Department Rebuffs Varian Fry Document 9.1 “You Should Inform Dr. Bohn and Mr. Fry” The Krauses Rescue Fifty Children from Germany and Austria Document 9.2 Erika Tamar’s Passport to America The Sharps’ Rescue Mission in Czechoslovakia Document 9.3 Martha Sharp’s Recollections about Rescue Work in Czechoslovakia Lois Gunden Shelters Children in Vichy France Document 9.4 Recollections of Hiding French Jewish Children from the Nazis Roddie Edmonds Shields Jewish GIs from the Nazis Document 9.5 Testimony Regarding Master Sergeant Roddie Edmonds’s Bravery Further Reading 10. Genocide Confirmed The Bund Report Document 10.1 “Report of the Bund Regarding the Persecution of the Jews—May 1942” The Riegner Telegram Document 10.2 Gerhart Riegner’s Telegram Revealing the Nazis’ Annihilation Plan The Sternbuch Telegram Document 10.3 The Sternbuch Telegram Revealing Additional Details of the Mass Murder The Allies’ Declaration Document 10.4 “German Policy of Extermination of the Jewish Race” Jan Karski Reports to President Roosevelt Document 10.5 A Polish Underground Courier’s 1943 Conversation with President Roosevelt Further Reading 11. All the News the Media Could Fit The New York Times on Babi Yar Document 11.1 Two Reporters’ Contrasting Accounts of the Babi Yar Massacre and Why The Media and the Allies’ Declaration Document 11.2 U.S. News Media’s Coverage of the Allies’ Declaration on the Mass Murder The Media and the Deportations from Hungary Document 11.3 “Jews in Hungary Fear Annihilation” The Nation Urges Rescue Document 11.4 “While the Jews Die” I. F. Stone Investigates Document 11.5 “Justice Department Immigration Figures Knock Long Story into Cocked Hat” Further Reading 12. American Christian Responses Rabbi Wise Pleads with Christian Clergy Document 12.1 Meeting of Rabbi Wise and Christian Clergy, 1933 The U.S. Catholic Press on Kristallnacht Document 12.2 “Nazi Atrocities and the American War Fever: Are We Preparing for War with Germany?” Christian Century Doubts the Holocaust Document 12.3 “Horror Stories from Poland,” “From Rabbi Wise,” “From the Editors” Jewish and Christian Students Speak Out Document 12.4 “On Implementing Brotherhood” A Baptist Farmer’s Gesture Document 12.5 “Farmer Rogers, His Brother’s Keeper” Further Reading 13. American Jewish Responses The President and the Rabbi Document 13.1 Rabbi Wise’s Student Questions His Relationship with FDR Jewish Leaders Appeal to the President Document 13.2 “Report on the Visit to the President” Jewish Congressmen Meet with the President Document 13.3 “Minutes of Dinner Meeting on Wednesday Evening March 22nd at the Statler Hotel” “If They Were Slaughtering Horses” Document 13.4 “Confidential Memorandum of Rabbi Meyer Berlin” Jewish Leaders Discuss Strategy Document 13.5 Meeting of Jewish Leaders Concerning Rescue Advocacy Further Reading 14. The Bermuda Conference A Jewish Proposal for Bermuda Document 14.1 “The Following Proposals Are Respectfully Submitted” Announcement at the End of the Conference Document 14.2 “Report of the Bermuda Meeting on the Refugee Problem” Congressman Emanuel Celler’s Response Document 14.3 Response to Bermuda A Jewish Leader’s Response Document 14.4 “The Mockery at Bermuda” “An Appeal to the Conscience of the World” Document 14.5 “I am taking the liberty of addressing to you, Sirs, these my last words” Further Reading 15. Obstacles to Rescue Congressional Sympathy Document 15.1 Text of the Barkley Resolution (Senate Concurrent Resolution 9) A Cartoonist Challenges the State Department Document 15.2 “Refer to Committee 3, Investigation Subcommittee 6, Section 8B, for Consideration” FDR on “Rescue through Victory” Document 15.3 “Speech of the Honorable A. A. Berle Jr.” The Allies’ Declaration in Moscow Document 15.4 “Declaration of the Four Nations on General Security” Empty Ships for Refugees Document 15.5 “Shipping for Refugees” Further Reading 16. The Campaign for Rescue The Bergson Group’s “Race against Death” Document 16.1 “This Is a Race against Death” The Rabbis’ Petition to FDR Document 16.2 “In the Name of God, Creator of the Universe” Congressional Resolution on Rescue Document 16.3 Text of the Gillette-Rogers Resolution (H. Res. 352) Breckinridge Long’s Testimony Document 16.4 “Statement of Hon. Breckinridge Long, Assistant Secretary of State” Exposing the State Department Document 16.5 “Report to the Secretary on the Acquiescence of This Government in the Murder of the Jews” Further Reading 17. Zionism and the Holocaust The White Paper Document 17.1 “Palestine Statement of Policy Presented by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to Parliament by Command of His Majesty” (White Paper) A Christian Zionist Speaks Out Document 17.2 “The Fifth Freedom” Proposed Anglo-American Statement Document 17.3 “Statement for Issuance by the Governments of the United States and the United Kingdom Regarding Palestine” 1944 Republican and Democratic Party Platforms Document 17.4 Republican Party Platform of 1944 and Democratic Party Platform of 1944 FDR’s 1944 Statement on Zionism Document 17.5 Proposals and Revisions of President Roosevelt’s October 1944 Statement Regarding Palestine Further Reading 18. The War Refugee Board Creation of the War Refugee Board Document 18.1 “Executive Order No. 9417 Establishing a War Refugee Board” A Presidential Warning Document 18.2 Proposals and Revisions of President Roosevelt’s March 24, 1944, Statement Regarding Nazi Collaborators A Surprising Poll Document 18.3 Gallup Poll Findings Concerning Temporary Admission of Refugees Rescuing Romanian Jews Document 18.4 Life Line to a Promised Land Raoul Wallenberg’s Mission Document 18.5 With Wallenberg in Budapest Further Reading 19. Bombing Auschwitz The Auschwitz Escapees’ Report Document 19.1 “The Extermination Camps of Auschwitz (Oswiecim) and Birkenau in Upper Silesia” A Plea to Bomb the Railways Document 19.2 Diary of Jacob Rosenheim A Plea to Bomb the Gas Chambers Document 19.3 World Jewish Congress Official Urges Assistant Secretary of War to Bomb Gas Chambers at Auschwitz and Nearby Railways The War Department’s Rejection Letter Document 19.4 Assistant Secretary of War Rejects Proposal to Bomb Railways to Auschwitz A Public Appeal for Bombing Document 19.5 “Last Chance for Rescue” Further Reading 20. Liberation A GI Encounters the Holocaust Document 20.1 Liberation of Dachau Eisenhower Urges Media to See the Camps Document 20.2 Call for Prominent Witnesses to “Conditions of Indescribable Horror” Marlon Brando, Holocaust Witness Document 20.3 A Flag Is Born Play An American Chaplain in Buchenwald Document 20.4 An American Chaplain Encounters Survivors in Buchenwald The Harrison Report Document 20.5 “Report of Earl G. Harrison” State of the Field Notes Bibliography Index
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