Volume One: Social Research as Science or Art PART ONE: THE CHALLENGE TO SCIENCE AND ITS DEFENCE Introduction - Williams Philosophical Foundations and Empirical Social Research The Art of Social Science - R Redfield Is It a Science? - S Morgenbesser Roscher′s Historical Method - M Weber Unity of Method in the Natural and Social Sciences - K Popper Valid and Invalid Alternatives to Social Science - M Steuer The Relevance of Methodology - P Lazarsfeld The Perestroikan Challenge to Social Science - D Laitin Beyond Paradigm - S Schram Resisting the Assimilation of Phronetic Social Science Art in Science? - E Eisner and K Powell PART TWO: POSITIVISM AND ANTI-POSITIVISM Two Tradition - G H Von Wright Positivism Reconsidered - C Bryant Methodology in the Social Sciences - R Holub The Positivist Debate Positivism, Naturalism and Anti-Naturalism in the Social Sciences - R Keat Contemporary Positivism in Sociology - G Lundberg Positivism in Sociological Research - C Gartrell and J Gartrell USA and UK (1966-1990) Interpretive Interactionism - N Denzin The Basic Belief Systems of the Conventional and Constructivist Paradigm - E Guba and Y Lincoln On Demonstration - A Tudor Quantitative and Qualitative Research Strategies in Knowing the Social World - A Bryman The Qualitative-Quantitative Debate - A Clark Moving from Positivism and Confrontation to Post-Positivism and Reconciliation Volume Two: Philosophical Issues in Research Strategies PART ONE: CAUSALITY, EXPLANATION AND LAWS Laws of Nature and Causality - R Braithwaite Causal Thinking... - H Blalock Axioms of Causation - R MacIver The Meaning and Measurement of Causal Effect - O Hellevik Causation, Statistics and Sociology - J Goldthorpe To Justify or Explain in History or Social Science? - E Madden Limitations of Statistics - W Ogburn Prediction in Sociology - A Aldridge Prospects for a Devalued Activity The Quest for Universals in Sociological Research - R Turner Is the Case for Social Science Laws Strengthening? - C Beed PART TWO: REPRESENTATION THEORIES AND MODELS Operational Definitions Operationally Defined - S Dodd Some Notes on Operationism and the Concept of Validity - B Anderson Theory, Measurement and Replication in the Social Sciences - H Blalock On Being ′Empirical′ without Being Empiricist - R Pawson Functionalism and the Survey - J Platt The Relation of Theory and Method Theoretical Models - J Skvoretz Sociology′s Missing Link PART THREE: INTERPRETATION, LANGUAGE AND MEANING The Methods of Ethnology and Social Anthropology - A R Radcliffe-Brown The Role of Understanding in the Human Studies - H Rickman The Meaning of Meaningful Behavior - M Bunzl Language in Social Science - K Webb From the Native′s Point of View - C Geertz On the Nature of Anthropological Understanding Interpretive Social Science and the ′Native′s′ Point of View - T Jones Quality in Qualitative Research - C Seal Volume Three: Social Reality and the Social Context of Social Research PART ONE: REALISM AND ANTI-REALISM Realist Philosophy of Science - R Keat and J Urry Realist Philosophy of the Social Sciences and Economics - P Beart A Critique Observations on Positivism and Pseudoscience in Qualitative Nursing Research - M Johnson Making up People - I Hacking Social Construction as Ontology - D Nightingale and J Cromby Middle Range Theory - K Menzies A Realist View Middle Range Realism - R Pawson Bhaskar′s Critical Realism - M Hammersley PART TWO: OBJECTIVITY, COMMITMENT AND THE POLITICS OF SOCIAL ENQUIRY Whose Side Are We on? - H Becker Anti Minotaur - A Gouldner The Myth of a Value-Free Sociology The Value-Orientated Bias of Social Enquiry - E Nagel Situated Objectivity - M Williams The Institutionalization of Social Inquiry - J Barnes Participatory Action Research - L Krimerman Should Social Inquiry Be Conducted Democratically? Reflexivity and Ethnographic Research - C Davies Reflexivity and Sociological Practice - T May PART THREE: INDIVIDUALS, WHOLES AND UNITS OF ANALYSIS Methodological Individualism - G Homans Behind Methodological Individualism - G Hodgson Ten Modes of Individualism - None of Which Works - and Their Alternatives - M Bunge Institutional Individualism and Institutional Change - F Toboso The Search for a Middle Way Mode of Explanation Current Issues in Comparative Macrosociology - J Goldthorpe A Debate on Methodological Issues Turning the Tables - C Ragin How Case-Orientated Research Challenges Variable-Orientated Research Part/Whole Morphology - T Scheff Unifying Single Cases and Comparative Methods Volume Four: New Strategies in Social Research PART ONE: PROBABILITY, COMPLEXITY AND NEURAL NETWORKS Theories about Probability - I Hacking The Nature of Measurement - D Byrne What We Measure and How We Measure The Propensities of Evolving Systems - R Ulanowicz Complexity and the Quantitative Programme in Social Science - D Byrne Webs of Chaos - W Stroup Implications for Research Designs Comments on Neural Networks - H Paik Time-Series Analysis with Neural Networks and ARIMA-Neural Network Hybrids - J Hansen and Nelson PART TWO: FEMINISM AND SOCIAL RESEARCH Is There a Feminist Method? - S Harding Sexism in Research - M Eichler Quoting and Counting - G Letherby The Qualitative/Quantitative Divide Gender, Methodology and People′s Ways of Knowing - A Oakley Feminism and Epistemology - J Holmwood What Kind of Successor Science? Introduction to Mixed Method and Mixed Model Studies in the Social and Behavioral Sciences - A Tashakkori and C Teddlie On the Integration of the Social Sciences - F Heller The Rashomon Effect - W Roth and J Mehta Combining Positivist and Interpretivist Approaches in the Analysis of Contested Events Numbers and Narratives - R Nash Further Reflections in the Sociology of Education Methodological Triangulation in Nursing Research - M Risjord, M Moloney and Dunbar Triangulation Revisited - U Flick Strategy of Validation or Alternative Contingency, Reality and Plurality in Social Research - M Williams