Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 1 The Soul in Greek Thought 6 2 The Soul in Medieval Christian Thought 30 3 The Soul in Continental Thought 65 4 The Soul in Locke, Butler, Reid, Hume, and Kant 105 5 The Problem of Soul–Body Causal Interaction 131 6 The Soul and Contemporary Science 152 7 Contemporary Challenges to the Soul 182 8 Thoughts on the Future of the Soul 202 Bibliography 216 Index 225

"From Homer's dream-demons to contemporary MRI research, the subtle and varied expression of mental life has been an obstacle to the claims of physicalism. A Brief History of the Soul takes a now formidably challenged position. The clarity and fairness of the exposition are exemplary, moving the reader from era to era, and leaving little doubt but that, as 'soul' has a rich philosophical history, so too is it likely to have a robust future." Daniel N. Robinson, Philosophy Faculty, Oxford University "Brief or not, this book provides a lucid account of central views of the soul in ancient, medieval, modern, and contemporary philosophy. The authors skillfully interact with their subject matter, consider physicalist views and objections with fairness and critical clarity, and address mind–body dualism as it has actually been held by its best proponents. The result is that a position that is often wrongly despised on shaky grounds gets a fair and accurate hearing and defense. I highly recommend this excellent book, and look forward to using it." Keith E. Yandell, Julius R. Weinberg Professor, University of Wisconsin-Madison "A Brief History of the Soul accomplishes two important goals: It provides a concise history of the soul without treating that history as anachronistic, and it constantly relates its topics to contemporary issues in philosophy of mind. I enthusiastically recommend it, and will use it in my own philosophy of mind courses." J. P. Moreland, Distinguished Professor of Philosophy, Biola University The concept of the soul is accepted in many religious traditions and widely used in fictional worlds, and yet the idea that we are anything more than physio-chemical organisms seems out of step with contemporary secular thinking. Scratch the surface of western philosophy, however, and you find a history filled with arguments in favor of the idea that we are embodied souls. This book provides a clear and concise history of the soul, from Plato to cutting-edge contemporary work in philosophy of mind. Taking in the arguments of influential thinkers, such as Aristotle, Aquinas, Descartes, and Hume, Goetz and Taliaferro tackle keys issues, such as the problem of mind–body interaction, the causal closure of the physical world, and the philosophical implications of the brain sciences for the soul's existence. A Brief History of the Soul brings together historical and contemporary scholarship to examine one of the essential questions of our existence.

"From Homer's dream-demons to contemporary MRI research, the subtle and varied expression of mental life has been an obstacle to the claims of physicalism. A Brief History of the Soul takes a now formidably challenged position. The clarity and fairness of the exposition are exemplary, moving the reader from era to era, and leaving little doubt but that, as "soul" has a rich philosophical history, so too is it likely to have a robust future." —Daniel N. Robinson, Philosophy Faculty, Oxford University "Brief or not, this book provides a lucid account of central views of the soul in Ancient, Medieval, Modern, and Contemporary philosophy. The authors skillfully interact with their subject matter, consider physicalist views and objections with fairness and critical clarity, and address mind-body dualism as it has actually been held by its best proponents. The result is that a position that is often wrongly despised on shaky grounds gets a fair and accurate hearing and defense. I highly recommend this excellent book, and look forward to using it." —Keith E. Yandell, Julius R. Weinberg Professor, University of Wisconsin-Madison "A Brief History of the Soul accomplishes two important goals: It provides a concise history of the soul without treating that history as anachronistic, and it constantly relates its topics to contemporary issues in philosophy of mind. I enthusiastically recommend it, and will use it in my own philosophy of mind courses." —J. P. Moreland, Distinguished Professor of Philosophy, Biola University

Acknowledgments Introduction 1. The Soul in Greek Thought 2. The Soul in Medieval Christian Thought 3. The Soul in Continental Thought 4. The Soul in Locke, Butler, Reid, Hume, and Kant 5. The Problem of Soul?Body Causal Interaction 6. The Soul and Contemporary Science 7. Contemporary Challenges to the Soul 8. Thoughts on the Future of the Soul Bibliography Index