About the Editors xxv List of Contributors xxix Preface xxxvii Acknowledgments xxxix 1 Green Energy: An Introduction, Present, and Future Prospective 1 Manoj Singh Adhikari, Raju Patel, Manoj Sindhwani, and Shippu Sachdeva 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Present Status of Green Energy 3 1.3 Global Renewable Energy Capacity 4 1.4 Leading Green Energy Technologies 5 1.5 Challenges in Green Energy Adoption 7 1.6 Prospects of Green Energy 8 1.7 Sustainable Practices in Green Energy 10 1.8 Case Studies of Successful Green Energy Projects 12 1.9 Policy and Regulatory Framework for Green Energy 13 1.10 Opportunities and Challenges in the Evolution to a Green Energy Future 14 1.11 Conclusion 16 References 17 2 Properties of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials and Techniques for Characterization 21 Ravi Tejasvi 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Significance in Green Energy 22 2.3 Techniques for Characterization of Properties of Carbon Nanomaterials 24 2.4 Conclusion 51 References 52 3 Green Energy: Present and Future Prospectives 57 Irtiqa Amin, Quraazah Akeemu Amin, and Harpreet Kaur 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Sustainable Energy Resources 62 3.3 Non-Sustainable Energy Resources 86 3.4 Existing Green Energy Models 87 3.5 Conclusions 88 References 92 4 Carbon-Based 2D Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Their Green Energy Applications 95 Minakshi Sharma, Varsha Yadav, Prachi Diwakar, Chandra Mohan Singh Negi, and Parvez Ahmed Alvi 4.1 Introduction 95 4.2 Synthesis of Graphene and Its Derivatives 97 4.3 Properties of g-CN 108 4.4 Applications of g-CN 109 4.5 Conclusion 113 References 114 5 Exploring the Potential of Graphene in Sustainable Energy Solutions 119 M. Karthik, S. Allirani, G. Ilakkiya, and R. Adharsh 5.1 Introduction 119 5.2 Usage of Graphene in Various Sectors 121 5.3 Implicit Operations of Graphene in the Renewable Energy Sector 125 5.4 Catalysis 137 5.5 Renewable Energies 137 5.6 Nanotechnology 138 5.7 Conclusion 138 Bibliography 139 6 Fullerene for Green Hydrogen Energy Application 141 Manish Kumar and Sunil Kumar 6.1 Introduction 141 6.2 Green Hydrogen Energy 143 6.3 Fullerene as a Hydrogen Storage Material 145 6.4 Size Effect of Fullerene and Hydrogen Storage Efficiency 145 6.5 Functionalized Fullerene, Chemical Structure, and Its Hydrogen Storage Performance 146 6.6 Charged Fullerene as Hydrogen Storage System 155 6.7 Hydrogen Storage in Hydro- or Hydrogenated Fullerene 155 6.8 Conclusions and Future Outlook 156 Acknowledgments 156 References 157 7 Graphyne-Based Carbon Nanomaterials for Green Energy Applications 163 Kulsum Hashmi, Mohammad Imran Ahmad, Saman Raza, Nidhi Mishra, Seema Joshi, and Tahmeena Khan 7.1 Introduction 163 7.2 Graphyne-Based Carbon Nanomaterials for Green Energy Applications 166 7.3 Fuel Cells 169 7.4 Solar Energy 177 7.5 Wastewater Treatment 181 7.6 Perspectives and Conclusion 185 Acknowledgments 185 References 185 8 Mesoporous Carbon for Green Energy Applications 199 Vikas Jangra, Narvadeswar Kumar, Harpreet Kaur, Lal Bahadur Prasad, and Piyush Kumar Sonkar 8.1 Introduction 199 8.2 Recent Advances in Synthetic Techniques 202 8.3 Applications of Mesoporous Carbon 205 8.4 Further Directions, Opportunities, and Challenges 217 8.5 Conclusions 218 References 218 9 Green Synthesis of Carbon Dots and Its Application in Hydrogen Generation Through Water Splitting 225 Mandakini Gupta 9.1 Introduction 225 9.2 Carbon Dots 227 9.3 Processes Used for Synthesis of CDs 228 9.4 Green Synthesis of Carbon Dots 234 9.5 Application of CDs in Water Splitting 237 9.6 Factors Affecting Characteristics of Nanomaterials of Carbon in Photocatalytic H 2 Production 242 9.7 Conclusion 243 References 244 10 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Energy Storage Devices: Solar Cells 255 Seraj Ahmad, Manoj Kumar, Kahkashan Khatoon, Akram Ali, and Himanshu Arora 10.1 Introduction 255 10.2 Carbon Nanotubes 257 10.3 Graphene 261 10.4 Carbon Dots 265 10.5 The Future of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Solar Cell Technology 269 10.6 Conclusion 270 References 271 11 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Energy Storage Devices: Fuel Cells and Biofuel Cells 275 Ponnusamy Thillai Arasu, Arumugam Murugan, G. Kanthimathi, A. Malar Retna, S. Daphne Rebekal, Natarajan Raman, Robin Kumar Samuel, and Tola Jebssa Masho 11.1 Introduction 275 11.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials’ Function in Energy Storage 277 11.3 Carbon Nanotube-Based Materials for Use in Batteries 277 11.4 Carbon Nanotube Varieties 278 11.5 Carbon Nanoparticles 281 11.6 Carbon Nanosheets 284 11.7 Biofuels 285 11.8 Morphological and Evolutionary Characteristics of Enzyme-Based Biofuels 287 11.9 Immobilization of Enzymes 290 11.10 Graphene and CNT Applications in Fuel Cells 296 11.11 Conclusion 298 11.12 Expected Future Application of Fuel Cells and Biofuel Cells 298 11.13 Future Applications 298 References 299 12 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Energy Storage Devices: Supercapacitors 307 Shikha Chander, Veerabathuni Jaya Usha Praveena, and Meenu Mangal 12.1 Introduction 307 12.2 Carbon Nanotube 311 12.3 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 316 12.4 Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) Synthesis 318 12.5 Characterization 319 12.6 Results and Discussion 321 12.7 Applied Electrochemistry 326 12.8 Conclusions 328 12.9 Future Scope 328 References 328 13 A Review of Effective Biomass, Chemical, Recycling and Storage Processes for Electrical Energy Generations 331 Suman Lata Tripathi, Krishan Arora, and Celestine Lwendi 13.1 Introduction 331 13.2 Bio-Raw Materials and Utility 333 13.3 Biomass Energy Conversion Techniques 334 13.4 Application Areas of Biomass Energy 343 13.5 Comparative Analysis of Modern Biomass Energy Conversion Techniques 343 13.6 Optimization Techniques for Effective Biomass Conversion and Supply Chain Management 343 13.7 Government Policies and Marketing Strategies 345 13.8 Applications of Biomass Energy and Biomass Products 346 13.9 Conclusions 346 References 347 14 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Pollutants’ Treatment 355 Gaganpreet and Y. Pathania 14.1 Introduction 355 14.2 Allotropic Forms of Carbonaceous Nanomaterials 357 14.3 Synergistic Approaches for Carbonaceous Materials 359 14.4 Role of Carbonaceous Materials in Environmental Remediation 362 14.5 Environmental Impact of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 368 14.6 Conclusions: Technological Challenges and Future Prospects 369 Conflicts of Interest 370 Authors’ Contributions 370 References 370 15 Carbon Nanomaterials for Detection and Degradation of Wastewater Inorganic Pollutants: Present Status and Future Prospects 383 Prem Rajak, Ruchika Agarwal, Sohini Goswami, Satadal Adhikary, Suchandra Bhattacharya, Abhratanu Ganguly, and Sayantani Nanda 15.1 Introduction 383 15.2 Properties of Carbon Nanomaterials 387 15.3 Common Types of Carbon Nanomaterials 387 15.4 Elimination of Inorganic Contaminants from Wastewater 393 15.5 Carbon Nanomaterials for Sensing and Monitoring 399 15.6 Limitations 400 15.7 Conclusion 401 References 402 16 Role of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in CO2 Reduction and Capture Reaction Process 411 Shyam Raj Yadav and Jai Prakash 16.1 Introduction 411 16.2 Parameters Affecting Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction 412 16.3 CO2ECR-Derived Products 415 16.4 Plausible Mechanism for ECR of CO2 417 16.5 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in CO2 Reduction 422 16.6 Imminent Challenges 436 16.7 Conclusion 438 References 439 17 Application of Carbon Nanomaterials in CO2 Capture and Reduction 447 R. Sanjeevi, J. Anuradh, and Sandeep Tripathi 17.1 Introduction 447 17.2 Different Types of Carbon Nanomaterials 448 17.3 Applications in CO2 Management: Leveraging Unique Properties 452 17.4 CO2 Capture 453 17.5 Catalytic Conversion of CO2 :Nanomaterials as Agents of Change 455 17.6 Challenges and Future Directions 460 17.7 Future Directions 461 17.8 Conclusion 463 References 464 18 Industrial Applications of Carbon Nanomaterials 469 Y. Pathania, P. K. Ahluwalia, and Pooja Kapoor 18.1 Introduction 469 18.2 Different Forms of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 471 18.3 Applications of Carbon Nanomaterials 473 18.4 Challenges 487 18.5 Conclusions and Future Scope 488 Acknowledgment 489 Declarations 489 Funding 489 References 489 19 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials and Their Green Energy Applications: Carbon Nanotubes 505 Smita Singh, Varsha Singh, Vikram Rathour, and Vellaichamy Ganesan 19.1 Introduction 505 19.2 Synthesis of CNTs 509 19.3 Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 511 19.4 Green Energy Applications of CNTs 514 19.5 Challenges Associated with CNTs 523 19.6 Conclusion 524 Acknowledgments 525 References 525 20 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles as Visible-Light Photocatalysts 533 Sonam Soni 20.1 Introduction 533 20.2 Mechanism of Photocatalysis 536 20.3 Classification of Nanomaterials 537 20.4 Types of Carbon-Based Nanoparticles 538 20.5 Application of CNPs as Photocatalysts 538 20.6 Conclusions 548 20.7 Future Scope 548 References 549 21 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Day-to-Day Human Life 553 Manju Choudhary, Pooja Nain, Shivanshu Garg, and Himanshu Punetha 21.1 Introduction 553 21.2 Utilization of CNPs in Medical Services 555 21.3 Applications Pertaining to Electrical and Electronics Sectors 563 21.4 Applications Pertaining to Wind and Solar Energies 566 21.5 Application Pertaining to Food Industry Sector 571 21.6 Nanoparticles Operating Within Soil 573 21.7 Agricultural Aspects of Nanomaterials 574 21.8 Nanomaterials Bringing Out Latest Revolutions 575 21.9 Conclusion and Future Scope 577 References 578 Index 587

Gain valuable insight into applying carbon-based nanomaterials to the green technologies of the future The green revolution is the most important technological development of the new century. Carbon-based nanomaterials, with their organic origins and immense range of applications, are increasingly central to this revolution as it unfolds. There is an urgent need for an up-to-date overview of the latest research in this ever-expanding field. Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Green Applications meets this need by providing a brief outline of the synthesis and characterization of different carbon-based nanomaterials, including their historical backgrounds. It proceeds to move through each major category, outlining properties and applications for each. The result is an essential contribution to a huge range of sustainable and renewable industries. With contributions from a global list of distinguished writers, the book includes: Discussion of nanomaterial applications in fields from drug delivery to biomedical technology to optics Analysis of nanomaterial categories including graphene, fullerene, mesoporous carbon, and many more Separate chapters describing aspects of supercapacitors, solar cells, and fuel cells Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Green Applications is ideal for scientists and researchers working in nanotechnology, life sciences, biomedical research, bioengineering, and a range of related fields.