In September 2015, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a workshop to explore the basic and translational research needs for population health science, and to discuss specific research priorities and actions to foster population health improvement. The workshop was designed to provide frameworks for understanding population health research and its role in shaping and having an effect on population health, identify individual and institutional facilitators and challenges regarding the production, communication, and use of research for population health improvement, and identify key areas for future research critical to the advancement of population health improvement. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 Setting the Context3 Research in Practice: Opportunities and Challenges4 Building a Population Health Research Agenda: Views from the Field5 Population Health Research Priorities: Perspectives from Users of Research6 Toward a Research Agenda for Population HealthAppendix A: ReferencesAppendix B: Workshop AgendaAppendix C: Suggested Readings for Krieger Presentation (Chapter 2)Appendix D: Results from a University of Michigan Survey Regarding Priorities for Population Health ResearchAppendix E: Speaker Biographies