List of Contributors xxi Preface xxix 1 Electrochemical Performance Analyses of Biofilms 1J. Jayapriya and V. Ramamurthy 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Electrochemical Principles 1 1.3 Cyclic Voltammetry 2 1.4 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 7 1.5 Electrochemical Noise (ECN) Technique 14 1.6 Conclusion 17 Acknowledgments 17 References 17 Further Reading 19 Take‐home Message 19 Test Yourself 19 2 Direct Electron Transfer in Redox Enzymes and Microorganisms 21Sheela Berchmans and T. Balamurugan 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Wiring Enzymes to the Electrode Surface 22 2.3 Wiring Microorganisms to the Electrode Surface 26 References 30 Take‐home Message 34 Test Yourself 34 3 Electrochemical Techniques and Applications to Characterize Single‐ and Multicellular Electric Microbial Functions 37Junki Saito, Muralidharan Murugan, Xiao Deng, Alexis Guionet, Waheed Miran, and Akihiro Okamoto 3.1 Introduction to Microbial Electrochemical Functions and Processes 37 3.2 Electrochemical Techniques Related to Single‐cell Processes 38 3.3 Electrochemical Techniques Related to Biofilm Processes 43 3.4 Techniques to Analyze Nanowires 45 References 48 Take‐home Message 52 Test Yourself 52 4 Electrochemical Analysis of Single Cells 55Maedeh Mozneb, Christine Smothers, Pablo Rodriguez, and Chen‐Zhong Li 4.1 Introduction 55 4.2 Single‐cell Analysis Applications and Current Technologies 56 4.3 Electrochemical Methods for Single‐cell Analysis 57 4.4 Microelectrodes for Single‐cell Analysis 62 4.5 Electroluminescence‐based Single‐cell Measurements 69 4.6 Lab‐on‐chip‐based Single‐cell Analysis 70 4.7 Conclusion 71 References 71 Take‐home Message 75 Test Yourself 76 5 Biocorrosion 77C. Chandrasatheesh and J. Jayapriya 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 Microorganisms Involved in Corrosion 78 5.3 Mechanisms 80 5.4 Biocorrosion Control Strategies 82 5.5 Materials Vulnerable to Biocorrosion 83 5.6 Biocorrosion of Biomedical Implants 84 5.7 Biocorrosion Detection Techniques 85 5.8 Conclusion 86 Acknowledgements 86 References 86 Further Reading 89 Take‐home Message 89 Test Yourself 90 6 Microbial Fuel Cells: A Sustainable Technology for Pollutant Removal and Power Generation 91Somdipta Bagchi and Manaswini Behera 6.1 Introduction 91 6.2 Microbial Fuel Cells 92 6.3 Measuring Performance 94 6.4 MFC Configuration 98 6.5 Materials 100 6.6 Limitations in MFCs 104 6.7 Other MFC‐based Technologies 106 6.8 Pilot‐scale MFCs 107 References 108 Take‐home Message 115 Test Yourself 115 7 Biophotovoltaics: Molecular Mechanisms and Applications 117Angelaalincy Maria Joseph, Sangeetha Ramalingam, Pushpalatha Selvaraj, Komal Rani, Kalpana Ramaraju, Gunaseelan Sathaiah, Ashokkumar Balasubramaniem, and Varalakshmi Perumal 7.1 Introduction 117 7.2 Photocurrent Generation with Biological Catalysts 118 7.3 Photosynthetic Microbes as Photobioelectrocatalysts in BESs 119 7.4 Biocatalysts of Photosynthetic Organisms 119 7.5 Electron Transfer in Microalgae During Photosynthesis (Light Reaction) 120 7.6 Electron Transfer Mechanisms in Purple Photosynthetic Bacteria 124 7.7 Electron Transfer Mechanisms of Cyanobacteria 128 7.8 Models of Solar Energy Conversion Devices 129 7.9 Applications and Future Perspectives 131 7.10 Conclusion 132 References 132 Take‐home Message 135 Test Yourself 135 8 An Insight into Plant Microbial Fuel Cells 137Pranab Jyoti Sarma and Kaustubha Mohanty 8.1 Introduction 137 8.2 Different Types of Plants and Their Bioelectricity Generation Capabilities 138 8.3 Bioprocess Structure 139 8.4 Variation in PMFC Types, Operating Conditions, Design, Electrodes, and Membranes Used 141 8.5 PMFCs as New Electricity Generation Technology 142 8.6 Challenges of PMFCs 144 8.7 Conclusion 144 References 144 Take‐home Message 146 Test Yourself 147 9 Electroanalytical Techniques for Investigating Biofilms in Microbial Fuel Cells 149Smita S. Kumar, Vivek Kumar, and Suddhasatwa Basu 9.1 Introduction 149 9.2 Conventional Biofilm Investigation Techniques 151 9.3 Electroanalytical Techniques 151 9.4 Electrode Polarization 154 9.5 Voltammetry (LSV) 155 9.6 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 159 9.7 Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (e‐QCM) 159 9.8 Conclusion 160 Acknowledgments 160 References 160 Take‐home Message 162 Test Yourself 162 10 Progress in Development of Electrode Materials in Microbial Fuel Cells 165Alka Pareek and S. Venkata Mohan 10.1 Introduction 165 10.2 Electrode Materials in MFCs 166 10.3 Effect of Surface Treatment on Electrodes 176 10.4 Conclusion 177 Acknowledgments 177 References 178 Take‐home Message 185 Test Yourself 185 11 Synthetic Biology Strategies to Improve Electron Transfer Rate at the Microbe–Anode Interface in Microbial Fuel Cells 187Tian Zhang, Dipankar Ghosh, and Pier‐Luc Tremblay 11.1 Introduction 187 11.2 Extracellular Electron Transfer (EET) Mechanisms from the Microbe to the Anode 188 11.3 Synthetic Biology Strategies to Improve the EET Rate from Microbes to Anode 193 11.4 Synthetic Biology to Optimize Current Generation by Yeast 199 11.5 Conclusion 200 References 200 Take‐home Message 207 Test Yourself 208 12 Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs): A Promising and Green Approach for Bioenergy and Biochemical Production from Waste Resources 209Abudukeremu Kadier, Mohd Sahaid Kalil, Pankaj Kumar Rai, Smita S. Kumar, Peyman Abdeshahian, Periyasamy Sivagurunathan, Hassimi Abu Hasan, Aidil Abdul Hamid, and Azah Mohamed 12.1 Introduction 209 12.2 Fundamentals of MEC Technology 210 12.3 Crucial Factors Governing the Performance of MECs 212 12.4 Current Applications of MECs 219 12.5 Conclusion 224 Acknowledgments 224 References 224 Take‐home Message 234 Test Yourself 234 13 Microbial Desalination Cells 235Swati Sharma, Ademola Hammed, and Halis Simsek 13.1 Introduction 235 13.2 Overview of Desalination Cells 236 13.3 MDC Applications and Concepts 237 13.4 Desalination in MDCs 239 13.5 Different Configurations of MDCs 239 13.6 Conclusion 246 References 246 Take‐home Message 248 Test Yourself 248 14 Microbially Charged Redox Flow Batteries for Bioenergy Storage 251Márcia S.S. Santos, Luciana Peixoto, Célia Dias‐Ferreira, Adélio Mendes, and M. Madalena Alves 14.1 Introduction 251 14.2 Redox Flow Batteries 251 14.3 Organic Compounds for RFBs 256 14.4 Coupling RFBs with Renewable Energy Production Technologies 259 14.5 Future Perspectives 261 14.6 Conclusion 262 Acknowledgments 262 References 262 Take‐home Message 268 Test Yourself 269 15 Artificial Photosynthesis: Current Advances and Challenges 271Joanna Kargul and Małgorzata Kiliszek 15.1 Introduction 271 15.2 Basic Principles of Natural Photosynthesis 272 15.3 Artificial Photosynthetic Systems 277 15.4 Strategies for Improvement of Photoelectrode Performance 287 15.5 Operational Dye‐sensitized Solar Cells and Solar‐to‐Fuel Devices 289 15.6 Conclusion 291 Acknowledgments 292 References 292 Take‐home Message 308 Abbreviations 308 Test Yourself 309 16 Bioelectrochemical Systems for Production of Valuable Compounds 311Luciana Peixoto, Sónia G. Barbosa, M. Madalena Alves, and Maria Alcina Pereira 16.1 Introduction 311 16.2 From Electricity to Product 313 16.3 Conclusion 318 Acknowledgments 318 References 318 Take‐home Message 323 Test Yourself 323 17 Modernization of Biosensing Strategies for the Development of Lab‐on‐Chip Integrated Systems 325Sharmili Roy, Shweta J. Malode, Nagaraj P. Shetti, and Pranjal Chandra 17.1 Introduction 325 17.2 Types of Biosensors 326 17.3 Lab‐on‐Chip Technologies 334 17.4 Conclusion 336 Acknowledgment 336 References 336 Take‐home Message 341 Test Yourself 341 18 Electrochemical Immunosensors: Working Principle, Types, Scope, Applications, and Future Prospects 343Shakila Harshavardhan, Sam Ebenezer Rajadas, Kevin Kumar Vijayakumar, Willsingh Anbu Durai, Andy Ramu, and Rajan Mariappan 18.1 Introduction 343 18.2 Immunosensors in Protein Immunoassays 345 18.3 Types of Immunosensors 346 18.4 Impedimetric Immunosensors 348 18.5 Potentiometric Immunosensors 352 18.6 Voltammetric and Amperometric Immunosensors 353 18.7 Conductometric Immunosensors 355 18.8 Capacitive Immunosensors 356 18.9 Role of Nanomaterials in Immunosensors 357 18.10 Applications of Immunosensors 358 18.11 Conclusion 360 References 361 Take‐home Message 368 Test Yourself 368 19 Recent Updates on Inkjet‐Printed Sensors 371Naresh Kumar Mani, Anusha Prabhu, and Annamalai Senthil Kumar 19.1 Introduction 371 19.2 Inkjet‐Printed Electrochemical‐Based Sensors 372 19.3 Inkjet‐Printed Colorimetric‐based Sensors 377 19.4 Inkjet‐Printed Fluorescence‐based Sensors 378 19.5 Other Techniques and Developed Devices 379 19.6 Summary and Future Perspectives 381 Acknowledgments 381 References 381 Take‐home Message 384 Test Yourself 384 20 Electrochemical Systems for Healthcare Applications 385Pandiaraj Manickam, Vairamani Kanagavel, Apurva Sonawane, S.P. Thipperudraswamy, and Shekhar Bhansali 20.1 Introduction 385 20.2 Point‐of‐care Sensor Systems 386 20.3 Wearable Electrochemical Systems 393 20.4 Implantable Electrochemical Nanodevices 401 20.5 Conclusion 405 Acknowledgments 405 References 405 Take‐home Message 409 Test Yourself 409 21 Synthetic Strategies of Nanobioconjugates for Bioelectrochemical Applications 411T. Selvamani, D. Gangadharan, and Sambandam Anandan 21.1 Introduction 411 21.2 Fabrication Processes of Nanobioconjugated Systems 412 21.3 Applications of Nanobioconjugates 423 21.4 Conclusion 426 References 426 Take‐home Message 429 Test Yourself 429 22 Electrochemical Biosensors with Nanointerface for Food, Water Quality, and Healthcare Applications 431John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan, Noel Nesakumar, Lakshmishri Ramachandra Bhat, Manju Bhargavi Gumpu, K. Jayanth Babu, and Arockia Jayalatha JBB 22.1 Introduction 431 22.2 Enzymatic Redox‐type Biosensors 440 22.3 Water 446 22.4 Enzymatic Inhibition–type Biosensors 452 22.5 Water Quality 455 22.6 Conclusion 456 Acknowledgments 457 References 457 Take‐home Message 466 Test Yourself 467 23 Enzymatic Electrode–Electrolyte Interface Study During Electrochemical Sensing of Biomolecules 469Ashish Kumar, Priya Singh, and Rajiv Prakash 23.1 Introduction 469 23.2 Conducting Substrates for Sensing Applications 470 23.3 Sensing Techniques 472 23.4 Electrochemical Techniques for Sensing Analytes 472 23.5 Different Modified Electrodes for Enzyme Functionalization 474 23.6 A Plausible Mechanism of Electron Transfer: An Electrochemical Equivalent Circuit Analysis 474 23.7 Enzyme‐less Glucose Oxidation: Off Course for a New Generation? 476 23.8 Conclusion 477 References 477 Take‐home Message 483 Test Yourself 483 24 Quantum Dots for Bioelectrochemical Applications 485İlker Polatoğlu, Erdal Eroğlu, and Levent Aydın 24.1 Introduction 485 24.2 Nanotechnology 485 24.3 Structure of QDs 486 24.4 Characteristics of QDs 487 24.5 Synthesis Processes 488 24.6 Electrochemical Sensing of QDs 489 24.7 Biosensor Technology 490 24.8 Bioelectrochemical Applications of QDs 491 24.9 QDs: Modeling and Optimizations 494 24.10 Conclusion 498 References 498 Take‐home Message 502 Test Yourself 502 25 Enzymatic Self‐powered Biosensing Devices 505Felismina T.C. Moreira, Manuela F. Frasco, Sónia G. Barbosa, Luciana Peixoto, M. Madalena Alves, and M. Goreti F. Sales 25.1 Enzymatic Fuel Cells 505 25.2 Electron Transfer Mechanisms 505 25.3 Enzyme Immobilization 507 25.4 EFC‐based Biosensors 509 25.5 Conclusion 514 Acknowledgments 515 References 515 Take‐home Message 519 Test Yourself 519 Index 521

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS AND RULES IN BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY AND EXPLORES LATEST ADVANCEMENTS IN THE FIELD Bioelectrochemical Interface Engineering offers a guide to this burgeoning interdisciplinary field. The authors—noted experts on the topic—present a detailed explanation of the field's basic concepts, provide a fundamental understanding of the principle of electrocatalysis, electrochemical activity of the electroactive microorganisms, and mechanisms of electron transfer at electrode-electrolyte interfaces. They also explore the design and development of bioelectrochemical systems. The authors review recent advances in the field including: the development of new bioelectrochemical configurations, new electrode materials, electrode functionalization strategies, and electroactive microorganisms. These current developments hold the promise of powering the systems in remote locations such as deep sea and extra-terrestrial space as well as powering implantable energy devices and controlled drug delivery. This important book: Explores the fundamental concepts and rules in bioelectrochemistry and details the latest advancementsPresents principles of electrocatalysis, electroactive microorganisms, types and mechanisms of electron transfer at electrode-electrolyte interfaces, electron transfer kinetics in bioelectrocatalysis, and moreCovers microbial electrochemical systems and discusses bioelectrosynthesis and biosensors, and bioelectrochemical wastewater treatmentReviews microbial biosensor, microfluidic and lab-on-chip devices, flexible electronics, and paper and stretchable electrodes Written for researchers, technicians, and students in chemistry, biology, energy and environmental science, Bioelectrochemical Interface Engineering provides a strong foundation to this advanced field by presenting the core concepts, basic principles, and newest advances.